Everything you wanted to know about the Thyroid
Free T-3, Free T-4, and TSH
Many of our patients go to their family doctor; he or she does a TSH and thinks that is adequate. The purpose of this article is to help you understand why we do Free T-3's and Free T-4's. To understand this, we must examine how the thyroid works.
The thyroid is controlled by a process called feedback inhibition. The hypothalamus (in the brain) produces a hormone called a TRF (or TSH Releasing Factor) that stimulates the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to produce TSH (Thryoid Releasing Hormone), which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to produce I-Thyroxine (T-4). The long-acting, not so metabolically active T-4 is converted in the liver and kidneys under the enzyme 5'deidonase (see diagram) to a shorter-acting, more metabolically active thermogenic (heat-producing) version, T-# or TrIodo Thyronine. As you can see from the diagram, the only difference between these is a single iodine.
It is important to understand T-# and T-4 are both metabolically active, whereas TSH is not. If you look at the diagram, you will see what this concept of feedback inhibition means. Simply, the pituitary gland produces TSH, which stimulates the thyroid to produce primarily T-4, which, when the level is high enough shuts down the pituitary TSH production and the thyroid regulates itself (theoretically, at least). The medical significance is that he using as "inverse test" to measure the thyroid level (i.e., the higher the TSH, the lower the thyroid). At our clinic, we choose to measure the thyroid directly (Free T-4's and Free T-3's). The reason is because after practicing medicine for 30 years, it appears that our pituitary is less responsive to the actions of TSH, which means that an older person might have a normal or borderline high TSH and may be hypothyroid.
As we grow older, it appears that the level of the liver enzyme that forms T-3 from T-4 falls off and we are less able to form the metabolically active T-3. Many doctors, if they think you are low in thyroid, use Synthroid (which is pure T-4) to treat. So when they test you, they think you are well but failed to test for T-3, and therefore don't realize your fatigue is still due to a thyroid deficiency because Free T-4 and TSH levels are normal. At our facility, we use Time-Relase T-3 to augment Synthroid, or use Armour Thyroid (dessicated whole gland), which has a 4:1 ratio of T-4 to T-3, When we test, we do FreeT-4's and Free T-3's